The difference between a boyar and a nobleman.

Boyars and nobles are representatives of the privileged estates that arose in Russia during the period of princely rule. They were part of the prince's inner circle and formed the basis of his squad, but they had different powers and had different positions in feudal society. According to historians, the boyar class was formed by the beginning of the 11th century and retained its leadership for six centuries. The first information about the nobles is recorded in the Laurentian Code of Chronicles; more detailed - in birch bark letters of the XII - XIII centuries.

Definition

Boyare - confidants of the prince, the highest layer of feudal lords in ancient Russia. Until the end of the 12th century, the boyar title was granted, later it was inherited. The senior princely squad consisted of boyars, who controlled the army and disposed of the lands that passed into princely possession as a result of military conquests.

Nobles - taken into service at the court of the prince natives of the younger squad, who carried out military, economic and monetary orders for the right to use the land allotment together with the peasants assigned to him. Since the 15th century, the nobility began to be inherited, as well as the land granted to the nobleman by the prince for personal merits and military valor.

Comparison

Boyars were descendants of the tribal nobility, had their own lands, and often their own squad, which in conditions of feudal fragmentation allowed them to compete with the princely power. The richest and most influential boyars took part in the princely duma as advisers to the prince; their opinion often depended on the solution of important state and judicial issues, as well as the settlement of internecine conflicts.

At the court of the prince, those who were accepted into the chosen circle, introduced by the boyars, who managed the affairs of the prince and his palace economy, served. Depending on their duties, they received the position of a butler, steward, treasurer, groom or falconer, which was considered especially honorable and brought considerable income to the boyar. The payment for such a service was called "feeding", since it was issued for the maintenance of the boyar's family and his servants.

Boyars, who disposed of his distant lands on behalf of the prince and controlled the collection of taxes, were called worthwhile. From the princely treasury, they received funds "on the way" intended for travel expenses and encouragement of boyar zeal.

Introduced and worthy boyars were the main managers of the princely court and belonged to the top in the feudal hierarchy. They were called senior boyars, distinguishing them from those who were part of the younger princely squad, but were not distinguished by their nobility and wealth.

In addition to performing the service, the duties of the boyars included the creation of a militia in the event of hostilities and its full maintenance at their own expense. This extended not only to the introduced and worthy boyars, but also to the settled ones who did not serve at the princely court of the Zemstvo boyars.

Boyar service was voluntary. Service boyars from the senior squad had the right to go to another prince.

With the strengthening of the influence of the boyars on public administration, already in the 12th century, at the prince's courts, they began to recruit the most devoted small boyars and boyar children for military service and to fulfill the personal orders of the prince. From the word court came the name of the new class, which for several centuries played an important role in the fate of the Russian state - the nobility.

The princely charters of the XIII-XIV centuries contain the first mentions of servicemen who are at the court of the prince and were granted land plots and a gold treasury for their work. The land was given to a nobleman for temporary use, but remained the property of the prince. Only in the 15th century did the nobles receive the right to transfer land by inheritance or as a dowry.

In the 17th century, during the reign of Peter I, the most important privilege was established for the nobles - the possession of inherited property, regardless of service. The class of boyars was abolished, and the rights of the nobles were officially proclaimed on February 18, 1762 by the manifesto of Peter III. They were finally confirmed by the diploma of Catherine II in 1785.

Conclusions TheDifference.ru

  1. Boyars are representatives of the upper service class, formed from large feudal lords who owned their own lands. The nobles were in the service of a prince or an elder boyar. Until the 15th century, they could not betray the lands they were granted by inheritance.
  2. Boyars had the right to vote in the princely duma. In the pre-Petrine period, the influence of the nobles on state administration was not so tangible.
  3. Boyars could go to the service of another prince. The nobles who were recruited into the service had no right to leave it without the permission of the prince.
  4. In the feudal hierarchy that developed in Russia, the boyars occupied a dominant position from the 10th to the beginning of the 17th century. The positions of the nobility were finally established during the period of state reforms initiated by Peter I.
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